Data on M31 globular clusters and globular cluster candidates Compiled by Silvia Galleti This revision: December, 2009 V4 What's new in the RBC 4: Revised coordinates: old values from ancient lists have been replaced with 2MASS, GSC-II, Caldwell et al. 2009, and Massey et al.(2006). New data, new objects and updated classifications are included, from: Beccari et al. (2007), Fan et al. (2008), Alves-Brito et al. (2009), Caldwell et al. (2009), Galleti et al. (2009), Perina et al. (2009a), and Perina et al. (2009b). ******************************************************************************** WARNING! Read the note concerning the Caldwell M31 GCs catalogue. RBC_Caldwell.txt ******************************************************************************** What's new in the RBC 3.5: New data are included: Extended clusters reported in Mackey et al. (2006) and Huxor et al. (2008) What's new in the RBC 3.4: New data are included: Huxor et al. (2008) What's new in the RBC 3.3: New classifications for B518, B519, NB67 are revised. What's new in the RBC 3.2: New data are included: Kim et al. (2007) ******************************************************************************** NOTICE! Please acknowledge the use of this catalogue. The proper reference is: Galleti et al. A&A, 2004, 416, 917 RBC V1 Other, more specific pubblications: Galleti et al. A&A, 2005, 436, 535 B514 Galleti et al. A&A, 2006, 456, 985 RBC V2 Radial velocities Galleti et al. A&A, 2007, 471, 127 RBC V3 New candidates clusters Galleti et al. A&A, 2009, in press RBC V4 Spectroscopic metallicity estimates Please contact silvia.galleti@inaf.oabo.it with questions and/or comments. ******************************************************************************* Revisions - RBC 2.0 [May 10, 2006] Wrong cross-identifications. The identifications NB6 and NB80 we took from Battistini et al. (1993) were found to be wrong. NB6 corresponds in fact to B118 and NB80 to B064D; we noted also that NB6 and NB78 are B064D and B118, respectively. Moreover, in RBC (V.1) the object AU11 is actually B090D and AU12 is B145. The RBC V2.0 has been corrected accordingly. New data are included: Galleti et al. (2005) A&A, 436,535 and Galleti et al. (2006) A&A, 459, 985 - RBC 3.0 [May 18, 2007] Wrong cross-identifications. B458 and B031D are the same object. The RBC V3.0 has been corrected accordingly. New data are included: Martin et al.(2006) MNRAS, 371, 1983; Mackey et al. (2007) ApJ, 655, 85; Galleti et al. (2007) A&A 471, 127 - RBC 3.2 [July 16, 2007] Wrong cross-identifications. VDB0 and B195D are the same object. The RBC V3.2 has been corrected accordingly. New data are included: Kim et al. (2007) AJ, 134, 706 - RBC 3.3 [November 26, 2007] Wrong classifications. B518 supplementary investigations shows that is star superimposed to galaxy, and B519 is a galaxy (its radial velocity is from another object). NB67 is a star from HST images. - RBC 3.4 [January 29, 2008] New data are included: Huxor et al. (2008) - RBC 3.5 [March 21, 2008] New data are included: Extended clusters reported in Mackey et al. (2006) and Huxor et al. (2008) - RBC 4.0 [December, 2009] Revised coordinates, new data, new objects, new classifications are included. Beccari et al. (2007), Fan et al. (2008), Alves-Brito et al. (2009), Caldwell et al. (2009), Galleti et al. (2009), Perina et al. (2009a) and Perina et al. (2009b). %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% This data compilation contains ten files: refs.tab - this file RBC - Name and positions for M31 globular clusters, cluster candidates and all objects that are "not-M31-GC" RBC_Phot - photometric data for M31 globular clusters, candidates and all objects that are "not-M31-GC" RBC_RV - radial velocity for M31 globular clusters, candidates and all objects that are "not-M31-GC" M31GC_Fe - Spectroscopic metallicities for M31 globular clusters M31GC_index - Lick metallicity indices for M31 globular clusters Revisions - list of revisions and changes to the files m31rbcV4.dat Master catalog: combination of information from Tables RBC, RBC_Phot, RBC_RV, M31GC_Fe, and M31GC_index MWGC_ind - Lick indices for MW globular clusters RBC_Caldwell - Notes concerning the Caldwell M31 GCs catalogue %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Not available data are marked as 9999 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% INCLUDED FILES %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Tables including all kind of objects (GCs, GC candidates, galaxies, etc.) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% RBC: name and cluster positions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Column 1 Name: Designation Column 2 Bol Identification from B87 Column 3 G Identification from SG77 Column 4 V Identification from V62 Column 5 NB Identification from B93 Column 6 AU Identification from AU92 Column 7 DAO Identification from CR84 Column 8 BA Identification from BA64 Column 9 SH Identification from SL85 Column 10 M Identification from M98 Column 11 BH Identification from B01 Column 12 SK Identification from SCK07 (&) Column 13 C09 Identification from C09 (+) Column 14 f Global classification flag (1) Column 15 p "possible" classification for candidate GCs (2) Column 16 y Age classification from FFP05 (3) Column 17 a Age classification from C09 (4) Column 18 C Classification from the original paper Column 19 S Spectroscopic confirmation (5) Column 20 V Confirmation via high resolution imaging (5) Column 21 Com Comment and reference (6) Columns 22-2 RA, Dec in epoch 2000 coordinates Column 26 Source of the coordinates (7) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note (1): [1] - confirmed GC; [2] - GC candidates; [3] - Controversial object; [4] - confirmed galaxy; [5] - confirmed H II Region; [6] - confirmed star; [7] - asterism; [8] - Extended cluster. Note (2): Not firmly established classificatons from the literature ("The object is a possible star") [0] - other classification; [1] - possible globular cluster; [2] - no classification; [4] - possible galaxy; [5] - possible region HII; [6] - possible star/s). Note (3): Fusi Pecci et al. 2005 (FFP05) Tab. 1 [1] sample A (B-V)<0.55; [2] sample B (Hbeta>3.5); [3] sample A +B; [4] young from other source Tab. 2 (FFP05); [5] candidates Tab. 3 (FFP05); [6] candidates from SCK07 with (B-V)<0.55. Note (4): age classification from Caldwell et al. (2009) C09: [0] - not considered; [1] - "young" cluster with age < 1 Gyr; [2] - "interm" cluster with 1 Gyr < age < 2 Gyr; [3] - "old" cluster with age > 2 Gyr; [8] - not available or no data; [9] - other classification. Note (5): [C] - Cluster; [G] - Galaxy; [S] - Star; [H] - H II Region; [E] - Extended cluster. Note (6): References, comments and/or HST archive frame file name. Note (7): 2MASS; GSC-II; [C09] - coordinates from Caldwell et al. 2009; [LGS] - coordinates from Massey et al. 2006, AJ, 131, 2478; all the other coordinates are not revised (RBC V. 3.5) Note (&): SKnnnA from their Table 5 new globular clusters; SKnnnB from their Table 6 new probable globular glusters (candidates); SKnnnC from their Table 7 new possible globular clusters (candidates). Note (+): Read the note concerning the Caldwell M31 GCs catalogue -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference RBC: V62 1962BAICz..13..180V Vetesnik BA64 1964ApJ...139.1027B Baade & Arp SG77 1977AJ.....82..947S Sargent et al. KS77 1977SvAL....3..207K Karimova & Sharov B80 1980A&AS...42..357B Battistini et al. HD81 1981aag..book.....H Hodge SL83 1983Ap&SS..90..371S Sharov & Lyutyj CR85 1985ApJ...288..494C Crampton et al. SL85 1985AstL...11..248S Sharov & Lyutyj B87 1987A&AS...67..447B Battistini et al. Bo88 1988A&A...205....6B Bonoli et al. F90 1990A&A...236...99F Federici et al. C91 1991AJ....101..483C Cohen & Freeman H91 1991ApJ...370..495H Huchra et al. R91 1991AJ....101..865R Racine AU92 1992A&A...256...95A Auriere et al. R92 1992AJ....104.1068R Racine & Harris RHH92 1992AJ....103..824R Reed et al. B93 1993A&A...272...77B Battistini et al. H93 1993gcgc.work..420H Huchra et al. F93 1993A&A...274...87F Federici et al. FP94 1994A&A...284..349F Fusi pecci et al. RHH94 1994AJ....107..555R Reed et al. A96 1996AJ....111.1110A Ajhar et al. FP96 1996AJ....112.1461F Fusi pecci et al. RC96 1996AJ....111..768R Rich et al . DG97 1997A&A...321..379D Dubath & Grillmair HL97 1997AJ....114.1488H Holland et al. M98 1998AcA....48..455M Mochejska et al. J98 1998A&A...335..867J Jablonka et al. B00 2000AJ....119..727B Barmby et al. J00 2000A&A...359..131J Jablonka et al. B01 2001AJ....122.2458B Barmby & Huchra WH01 2001ApJ...548..190W Williams & Hodge M01 2001AJ....122..830M Meylan et al. ST01 2001AJ....121..259S Stephens et al. P02 2002AJ....123.2490P Perrett et al. BE04 2004AJ....128.1623B Beasley et al. BR04 2004ApJ...613L.125B Brown et al. CO05 2005ApJ...634L..45C Cohen et al. FFP05 2005AJ....130..554F Fusi Pecci et al. RC05 2005AJ....129.2670R Rich et al. G05 2005A&A...436..535G Galleti et al. G06 2006A&A...459..985G Galleti et al. MA06 2006ApJ...636L..93M Ma et al. M06 2006MNRAS.371.1983M Martin et al. MC06 2006ApJ...653L.105M Mackey et al. G07 2007A&A...471..127G Galleti et al. MC07 2007ApJ...655L..85M Mackey et al. SCK07 2007AJ....134..706K Kim et al. B07 2007A&A...476..193B Beccari et al. HA08 2008MNRAS.385.1989H Huxor et al. C09 2009AJ....137...94C Caldwell et al. P09a 2009A&A...507.1375P Perina et al. P09b 2009A&A............ Perina et al. submitted %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% RBC_Phot: photometry -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Column 1 Name: Designation Column 2 f Flag of the real nature of the entry (1) Column 3 y Age classification from FFP05 (2) Column 4 a Age classification from C09 (3) Column 5 Umag U magnitudes Column 6 f_Umag [+] Indicates a F300W instead of standard (4) Column 7 Bmag B magnitudes Column 8 f_Bmag Flag of B magnitudes (4) Column 9 Vmag V magnitudes Column 10 f_Vmag Flag of V magnitudes (4) Column 11 u_Vmag Flag of V magnitudes (5) Column 12 Rmag R magnitudes Column 13 f_Rmag Flag of R magnitudes (4) Column 14 Imag I magnitudes Column 15 f_Imag Flag of I magnitudes (4) Column 16 Jmag J magnitudes Column 17 Hmag H magnitudes Column 18 Kmag K magnitudes Column 19 NUVmag NUV magnitudes Column 20 eNUVmag error NUV magnitudes Column 21 FUVmag FUV magnitudes Column 22 eFUVmag error FUV magnitudes Column 23 r_mag Comments, optical source and NIR pre-2MASS (6) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note (1): [1] - confirmed GC; [2] - GC candidates; [3] - Controversial object; [4] - confirmed galaxy; [5] - confirmed H II Region; [6] - confirmed star; [7] - asterism; [8] - Extended cluster. Note (2): Fusi Pecci et al. 2005 (FFP05) Tab. 1 [1] sample A (B-V)<0.55; [2] sample B (Hbeta>3.5); [3] sample A +B; [4] young from other source Tab. 2 (FFP05); [5] candidates Tab. 3 (FFP05); [6] candidates from SCK07 with (B-V)<0.55. Note (3): age classification from Caldwell et al. (2009) C09: [0] - not considered; [1] - "young" cluster with age < 1 Gyr; [2] - "interm" cluster with 1 Gyr < age < 2 Gyr; [3] - "old" cluster with age > 2 Gyr; [8] - not available or no data; [9] - other classification. Note (4): [1] - U,B,V,R photographic magnitudes (B87) transformed to the CCD U,B,V,R magnitudes of B00; unpublished I photographic magnitudes measured on a Tautenburg plate as in B87 (FFP), reported to the B00 I magnitudes; [2] - B,V photographic magnitudes, B82, (tab. II); [3] - V magnitude obtained by eye, B80, (tab. V); [8] - B109D - B,V,R, magnitudes are probably wrong (bad identification by RHH94 B=15.473,V=15.131, R=14.666); [0] - photoelectric and CCD amgnitudes; [9] - not available data; [SCK07] - U,B,V,R,I magnitudes have been derived from T1,C,M magnitudes using transformations by Geisler (1996); [C09] - V mag taken from C09 for clusters lacking CCD or photographic photometry. Note that V photometry from the RBC is in good agreement with C09: V(RBC)-V(C09)= 0.04 +- 0.07 for V<16.5 Note (5): [1] - V magnitude uncertain; [9] - not available data; Note (6): "p2" indicates objects with significant differences beetwen 2MASS photometry and pre-2MASS photometry (in a few case there are another source near the object). -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference for RBC_Phot: SL75 1975SvAL....1...69S Sharov et al. SL76 1976SvAL....2..128S Sharov et al. SL78A 1978SvA....22..548S Sharov et al. SL78B 1978SvAL....4..163S Sharov et al. SL79 1979SvAL....5..308S Sharov et al. SL80 1980SvAL....6..299S Sharov et al. SL81 1981SvAL....7..367S Sharov et al. B82 1982A&AS...47..451B Buonanno et al. SL82 1982SvAL....8..243S Sharov et al. SL83 1983Ap&SS..90..371S Sharov & Lyutyj SL84 1984SvAL...10..243S Sharov et al. SL85 1985AstL...11..248S Sharov & Lyutyj SL87 1987SvAL...13..270S Sharov et al. AU92 1992A&A...256...95A Auriere et al. Bo92 1992A&AS...96..163B Bonoli et al. RHH92 1992AJ....103..824R Reed et al. SL92 1992SvAL...18...41S Sharov et al. R92 1992AJ....104.1068R Racine & Harris B93 1993A&A...272...77B Battistini et al. C93 1994AJ....108..128C Cohen et al. CM94 1994AJ....108..128C Cohen & Matthews RHH94 1994AJ....107..555R Reed et al. SL95 1995AstL...21..240S Sharov et al. SL96 1996AstL...22..409S Sharov et al. M98 1998AcA....48..455M Mochejska et al. B00 2000AJ....119..727B Barmby et al. BW00 http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/~pbarmby/m31gc.dat Barmby Table web B01 2001AJ....122.2458B Barmby & Huchra B01a 2001AJ....121.1496B Barmby et al. G05 2005A&A...436..535G Galleti et al. FFP05 2005AJ....130..554F Fusi Pecci et al. FFP private comunication SCK07 2007AJ....134..706K Kim et al. HA08 2008MNRAS.385.1989H Huxor et al. C09 2009AJ....137...94C Caldwell et al. P09a 2009A&A...507.1375P Perina et al. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% RBC_RV: radial velocity -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Column 1 Name: Designation Column 2 f Global classification flag (1) Column 3 p possible classification for candidate GCs (2) Column 4 y Age classification from FFP05 (3) Column 5 a Age classification from C09 (4) Column 6 Vmag V magnitudes Column 7 V-K V-K colors Column 8 Vr heliocentric radial velocity(5) Column 9 errV error in velocity Column 10 Ref. radial relocity source (6) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note (1): [1] - confirmed GC; [2] - GC candidates; [3] - Controversial object; [4] - confirmed galaxy; [5] - confirmed H II Region; [6] - confirmed star; [7] - asterism; [8] - Extended cluster. Note (2): [0] - other classification; [1] - possible globular cluster; [2] - not comment; [4] - possible galaxy; [5] - possible region HII; [6] - possible star/s). Note (3): Fusi Pecci et al. 2005 (FFP05) Tab. 1 [1] sample A (B-V)<0.55; [2] sample B (Hbeta>3.5); [3] sample A +B; [4] young from other source Tab. 2 (FFP05); [5] candidates Tab. 3 (FFP05); [6] candidates from SCK07 with (B-V)<0.55. Note (4): age classification from Caldwell et al. (2009) C09: [0] - not considered; [1] - "young" cluster with age < 1 Gyr; [2] - "interm" cluster with 1 Gyr < age < 2 Gyr; [3] - "old" cluster with age > 2 Gyr; [8] - not available or no data; [9] - other classification. Note (5): Not available data are marked as 99999 Note (6): the acronyms of entries excluded from the computation of the weighted mean are enclosed in parentheses. All errors that are <1 have been reported as 1. [C09] Vr taken from C09 for clusters lacking radial velocities. Note that the RBC and C09 Vr scales are in resonable agreement: Vr(RBC)-Vr(C09)= -19 +- 96. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference for RBC_RV: HR DG97, P89 DG97 1997A&A...321..379D Dubath & Grillmair P89 1989dynamicofdenseP Peterson et al. H91 1991ApJ...370..495H Huchra et al. H93 1993gcgc.work..420H Huchra et al. F93 1993A&A...274...87F Federici et al. J98 1998A&A...335..867J Jablonka et al. B00 2000AJ....119..727B Barmby et al. P02 2002AJ....123.2490P Perrett et al. G05 2005A&A...436..535G Galleti et al. G06 2006A&A...459..985G Galleti et al. G07 2007A&A...471..127G Galleti et al. SCK07 2007AJ....134..706K Kim et al. C09 2009AJ....137...94C Caldwell et al. A09 2009MNRAS.395L..34A Alves-Brito et al. G09 2009....RevisionsV4 Galleti et al. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Tables including only confirmed GCs %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% M31CG_Fe: metallicity -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Column 1 Name: Designation Column 2 f Global classification flag (1) Column 3 y Age classification from FFP05 (2) Column 4 a Age classification from C09 (3) Column 5 [Fe/H] Spectroscopic metallicity estimates Column 6 e_[Fe/H] error in metallicity -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note (1): [1] - confirmed GC; [3] - Controversial object. Note (2): Fusi Pecci et al. 2005 (FFP05) Tab. 1 [1] sample A (B-V)<0.55; [2] sample B (Hbeta>3.5); [3] sample A +B; [4] young from other source Tab. 2 (FFP05); [5] candidates Tab. 3 (FFP05). Note (3): age classification from Caldwell et al. (2009) C09: [0] - not considered; [1] - "young" cluster with age < 1 Gyr; [2] - "interm" cluster with 1 Gyr < age < 2 Gyr; [3] - "old" cluster with age > 2 Gyr; [8] - not available or no data; [9] - other classification. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference for M31GC_Fe: G09 2009A&A...in press Galleti et al. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% M31CG_index: Lick metallicity indices of M31 globular clusters -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Column 1 Name: Designation Column 2 f Global classification flag (1) Column 3 Mg2 Mg2 index Column 4 e_Mg2 Mg2 index error Column 5 Mgb Mgb index Column 6 e_Mgb Mgb index error Column 7 Fe5270 Fe5270 index Column 8 e_Fe5270 Fe5270 index error Column 9 Fe5335 Fe5335 index Column 10 e_Fe5335 Fe5335 index error Column 11 Fe5406 Fe5406 index Column 12 e_Fe5406 Fe5406 index error Column 13 Hbeta Hbeta index Column 14 e_Hbeta Hbeta index error Column 15 y Age classification from FFP05 (2) Column 16 a Age classification from C09 (3) Column 17 Set Source of the Lick metallicity indices (4) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note (1): [1] - confirmed GC; [2] - GC candidates; [3] - Controversial object; [4] - confirmed galaxy; [5] - confirmed H II Region; [6] - confirmed star; [7] - asterism; [8] - Extended cluster. Note (2): Fusi Pecci et al. 2005 (FFP05) Tab. 1 [1] sample A (B-V)<0.55; [2] sample B (Hbeta>3.5); [3] sample A +B; [4] young from other source Tab. 2 (FFP05); [5] candidates Tab. 3 (FFP05). Note (3): age classification from Caldwell et al. (2009) C09: [0] - not considered; [1] - "young" cluster with age < 1 Gyr; [2] - "interm" cluster with 1 Gyr < age < 2 Gyr; [3] - "old" cluster with age > 2 Gyr; [8] - not available or no data; [9] - other classification. Note (4): Source of the Lick metallicity indices: [0] - T98; [1] - Pz05; [2] - B04; [3] - G09 WHT data; [4] - P02; [5] - H91; [6] - G09 TNG data; [7] - G09 LOIANO data -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference for M31GC_index: G09 2009A&A...in press Galleti et al. H91 1991ApJ...370..495H Huchra et al. P02 2002AJ....123.2490P Perrett et al. T98 1998ApJS..116....1T Trager et al. Pz05 2005A&A...434..909P Puzia et al. B04 2004AJ....128.1623B Beasley et al. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% MWCG_ind: Lick metallicity indices of MW globular clustrers -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Column 1 Name: Designation Column 2 Mg2 Mg2 index Column 3 e_Mg2 Mg2 index error Column 4 Mgb Mgb index Column 5 e_Mgb Mgb index error Column 6 Fe5270 Fe5270 index Column 7 e_Fe5270 Fe5270 index error Column 8 Fe5335 Fe5335 index Column 9 e_Fe5335 Fe5335 index error Column 17 Set Source of the Lick metallicity indices (1) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note (1): Source of the Lick metallicity indices: [1] - T98; [2] - G09 index values have been measured from spectra available by S05; [3] - B04 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference for M31GC_index: G09 2009A&A...in press Galleti et al. T98 1998ApJS..116....1T Trager et al. S05 2005ApJS..160..163S Schiavon et al. B04 2004AJ....128.1623B Beasley et al. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%